Research has moved toward early detection of defects in the body and welds of pipe during the manufacturing process. Ī Survey on Benchmark Defects Encountered in the Oil Pipe Industries PDFWissam Alobaidi, Eric Sandgren, Hussain Al-RizzoOil and natural gas have been transported by pipeline for over a century, yielding a large amount of information about defects in manufacture and in service. Shrinkage stress appear in the form of several manifestations as cuspal movement which can result in enamel microcracks, cervical marginal gaps, creating postoperative sensitivity, discoloration of the margins, recurrent caries, breakages of the restoration, and finally replacement of composite restorations. There are many factors aiding to development of the rate of shrinkage stress such as material formulation, degree of conversion, polymerization kinetics, flow capacity in the early stages of the curing reaction, and elastic modulus of the material itself. Shrinkage stress that is generated due to the polymerization reaction is known as a multifaceted complicated condition.
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